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Systems Philosophy is a discipline aimed at constructing a new philosophy (in the sense of worldview) by using systems concepts. The discipline was first described by Ervin Laszlo in his 1972 book ''Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought''.〔Laszlo, E. (1972). Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought''. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. ISBN 0-677-03850-X.〕 It has been described as the "reorientation of thought and world view ensuing from the introduction of "systems" as a new scientific paradigm".〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxi〕 == Overview == Soon after Laszlo founded Systems Philosophy it was placed in context by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, one of the founders of General System Theory, when he categorized three domains within the Systemics namely: # "Systems Science", which is concerned with "scientific exploration and theory of "systems" in the various sciences...and general system theory as doctrine of principles applying to all systems";〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xix〕 # "Systems Technology", which is concerned with "the problems arising in modern technology and society, comprising both the "hardware" of computers, automation self-regulating machinery etc., and the "software" of new theoretical developments and disciplines";〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xx〕 and # "Systems Philosophy", which is concerned with "the new philosophy of nature" which regards the world as a great organization" that is "organismic" rather than "mechanistic" in nature.〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxi〕 Systems Philosophy consists of four main areas: # "Systems Ontology", which is concerned "with what is meant by "system" and how systems are realized at various levels of the world of observation";〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxi〕 # "Systems Paradigms", which is concerned with developing worldviews which "takes () as one species of concrete and actual system, embedded in encompassing natural hierarchies of likewise concrete and actual physical, biological, and social systems";〔Laszlo, E. (1972). Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought''. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, p. 298.〕〔This is called "systems epistemology" in Von Bertalanffy, L., (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxii〕〔These are called "systems philosophies" in Bahm, A. J. (1981). Five Types of Systems Philosophy. ''International Journal of General Systems'', 6(4), 233–237.〕 # "Systems Axiology", which is concerned with developing models of systems that involve "humanistic concerns", and views "symbols, values, social entities and cultures" as "something very "real"" and having an "embeddedness in a cosmic order of hierarchies";〔in Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxii-xxiii〕 and # "Applied Systems Philosophy", which is concerned with using the insights from the other branches of Systems Philosophy to solve practical problems, especially social and philosophical ones.〔Laszlo, E. (1972). Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought''. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, p. 12: "(Philosophy's ) data come from the empirical sciences; its problems come from the history of philosophy; and its concepts come from modern systems research."〕 The term "Systems Philosophy" is often used as a convenient shorthand to refer to "the philosophy of systems" (e.g. (here )), but this usage can be misleading. The philosophy of systems is in fact merely the element of Systems Philosophy called "Systems Ontology" by von Bertalanffy〔Bertalanffy, L. von, (1976). General System Theory. Revised Edition. New York: George Braziller, pp. xxi〕 and "Systems Metaphysics" by Laszlo.〔Laszlo, E. (1972). Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought''. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, p. 295.〕 Systems Ontology provides important grounding for systems thinking but does not encompass the essential focus of Systems Philosophy, which is about articulating a worldview grounded in systems perspectives and humanistic concerns. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Systems philosophy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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